Why We Should Stop Animal Testing Essay Example For Students

Why We Should Stop Animal Testing Essay A Major Issue of today are the cruel acts against test animals in class rooms and labs, these animals are literally being tortured to death by substances such as drugs, cosmetics, diseases, tobacco, alcohol, detergents and other poisons. After all these acts of cruelty such as locking animals in complete darkness, sending them crazy, turning them in to drug addicts inflicting diseases on them such as aids and Cancer, sending them blind or deaf, and there has even been cases of dogs being stiched together, and many cases of mice, rabbits, guinea pigs and even monkeys having cosmetics, detergents and other household products rubbed into thier shaven skin and having it dripped into thier eyes all while being under no anesthetic at all and for what reason, what does this achieve we are only finding out things we already know such as we know smoking causes cancer, drinkig ruins the liver and we know the side effects of drugs on humans and the results from these experiments are not totally 100% accurate anyway because animals are different to humans. In high schools around the world hundreds and thousands of animals are killed and dissected in science and biology classes simply to learn the anatomy of a frog or rat for example. We will write a custom essay on Why We Should Stop Animal Testing specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now For what reason do they teach this? So we can know how to inflict cruelty towards animals. In most of these cases children are forced to do so and if they chose not to inflict these cruel acts towards a helpless animal they will suffer as well by a loss of marks or fail in sum classes. So why does our education system still make us do this and for what reason. After years of science and technology why do we still use these unreliable and cruel sources to find out little or no informantion about cures for diseases and why after all this time couldnt they be spending time and money on preventing these diseses in the first place by changing the environment around them instead of using all these inhumane tests on all these animals to prove nothing. We are constantly hearing on the news and other programs about people going to Jail for feeding mice and other rodents to there pet snakes for example, or of people having there animals taken from them and being fined because they havent been feeding them or looking after them. We know these things are illegal. So why do scientists get away with what they are doing and these things are not accidental and they are definitely cruel and even barbaric so why do they get away with this? These things should be stopped; there are new developments, which offer alternative techniques for testing cosmetics and so on. One way we can abolish animal testing is to increase the costs of the laboratory animals or by only purchasing products that have not been tested on animals. Scientists have developed these new tests which should stop the endless murder of test animals. Such things as tissue, cell and organ cultures are a leading alternative. They involve growing a piece of living flesh and multiplying it in test tubes. Another alternative is epidemiological surveys; these involve studies that involve human volunteers. Case studies and an autopsy can also show the cause of human diseases, much more accurately than an animal test would. The list of alternatives can go on and on, so why must all these defenseless animals go on suffering. It is almost the end of the 20th century, which has seen so many new scientific developments. So after all this I hope that scientist stop using this cruel and unreliable source of test animals and start using these new alternatives. .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9 , .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9 .postImageUrl , .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9 , .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9:hover , .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9:visited , .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9:active { border:0!important; } .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9 { display: block; transition: back ground-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9:active , .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-ra dius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9 .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3cb1bf0059bad107ccdc219767bea1b9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Daddy Essay

Imagination; a Humans Special Sence Essays

Imagination; a Humans Special Sence Essays Imagination; a Humans Special Sence Essay Imagination; a Humans Special Sence Essay Essay Topic: Invisible Man Daimaly Gines 10/25/12 FD #3 Expos, Section Imagination: A Human’s Special Sense Human beings have the ability to create their own individual worlds through imagination. However, the imagination is limited because of the constant use of technology and the reliance on vision. The technological culture has separated humans from the actual world and their senses; much like vision has done. In the essay â€Å"The Eyes of the Skin: Architecture and the Senses†, Juhani Pallasmaa focuses on the exploration of the senses and how they interact with one another. We also see his discussion on how vision can affect the human experience. The more visually capable we are, the more we begin to lose our sense of imagination. Similarly in the essay â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid? †, Nicolas Carr argues that the more we rely on technology and the Internet, the more it will affect humans in today’s world, as well as our ability to read and comprehend. Living in a society that relies mostly on technology, individuals fail to create a balance between the Internet and their actual senses. The more we depend on technology, the less room there is for the mind to imagine. Our brains have reached a point where we fall into a daydream with anything that does not catch our attention. Furthermore, in â€Å"The Mind’s Eye†, Oliver Sacks explores some of the most fundamental facets of human experience: how we see in three dimensions, how we represent the world internally when our eyes are closed, and how remarkable, and unpredictable our brains find new ways of creating new worlds through imagination. The obscuring of vision leads to imagination but once we begin to imagine, we gain the ability to preserve and envision the world around us in a new way, and thus we use the senses to help us imagine more deeply. The experience of living affects imagination because vision and technology does not allow us to stay focused because we have become used to the commodity of technology and vision. Carr states, â€Å"now my concentration often starts to drift after two or three pages† (67). In other words, Carr is explaining how the constant use of technology is depriving him from actually sitting down, reading a book and focusing on the text. The Internet is reprogramming us to imagine more often and not pay attention to what one is actually doing in the real world. The reading and analysis has now become a struggle for individuals whose life is surrounded by technology. Similarly, Sacks describes the idea that when we are on the level of imagination, one can no longer interpret â€Å"what is visual, what is auditory, what is image, what is language, what is intellectual, what is emotional- they are all fused together and imbued with our own individual perspectives and values† (317). Imagination makes us realize our own individual worlds. Once we have imagination, what we see, hear, feel and touch is brought together into our own view. When we imagine, we begin to lose the ability to see what is going on in society. This occurs because vision and technology are being concealed. For example, when we begin to daydream, someone may try and get our attention to bring them back to reality, but it may take longer for us to realize that someone wanted to get our attention. This happens because we get caught up into our own imagination and forget what is going on in the outside world. Similarly, Pallasmaa states that, â€Å"deep shadows and darkness are essential, because they dim the sharpness of vision, make depth and distance ambiguous, and invite unconscious peripheral vision and tactile fantasy† (286). Pallasmaa is explaining that darkness is essential for one to be able to imagine. It obscures vision into darkness. The darkness makes the world around us â€Å"ambiguous† and allows imagination to take effect. Carr’s idea of our minds drifting away from what we are actually doing is similar to what Pallasmaa is saying because the darkness is a distraction in which leads to imagination. The high use of technology leaves no room for imagination because we cannot think on our own. One’s imagination is enlightened when fenced by darkness because individuals have room to imagine and listen to their surroundings. We see that our imagination comes into play when our vision is obscured. Without the sense of vision, our other senses quickly assume richness and power. This occurs to blind people such as Hull, who at the age of forty-eight became completely blind. Sacks states that Hull â€Å"speaks of how the sound of the ain, never before accorded much attention, can now delineate a whole landscape for him†¦it throws a coloured blanket over previously invisible things† (304). In other words, we see that Sacks is showing us how strong Hull’s imagination was after becoming blind. Just because Hull became blind, it did not mean that Hull’s life was over. On the other hand, it was a new beginning for Hull. He was able to make use of his other se nses and see how important they are. With Hull’s imagination also came a sense of intimacy with his surroundings. He felt as though with his strong visual imagery, he had a strong sense of closeness, which evolves from imagining. The term ‘delineate’ has a significant meaning in Sack’s text because imagination is what led Hull to be able to portray the images precisely in his mind. Similarly, Pallasmaa states, â€Å"anyone who has half-woken up to the sound of a train or an ambulance in a nocturnal city, and though his/her sleep experienced the space of the city with its countless inhabitants scattered within its structures, knows the power of sound over the imagination† (289). Our sense of imagination quickly takes over and we begin to think and imagine what is happening around us. Pallasmaa is conveying to us that the imagination can also begin with the sense of sound. The term ‘delineate’ is also presented in Pallasmaa’s text because sound and imagination led us to wake up and hear the train or imagine the train rushing by on the train tracks. The imagination is just as strong as any of the other senses. One’s vision has to be obscured in order to be able to imagine. Imagination can lead to a whole new sense, a new world and even a new way we experience our lives today. Today’s technological culture has the ability to paralyze our imagination because we spend a lot of time using the Internet. In order for one to be able to imagine vision and technology should be hidden. If we surround ourselves with technology and the Internet, then we will have no room for imagination. The Net absorbs content from our everyday lives and makes them into ads that individuals will quickly become attracted to when using the Internet. The Internet today wants to â€Å"scatter our attention and diffuse our concentration† (Carr 71). In other words, what Carr is arguing is that the purpose of technology and the Internet is to make us unfocused on what is going on around us. When one is constantly distracted by technology, there is no room for the mind to imagine. Our concentration often begins to drift because of the high use of technology. This is what leads our minds to begin to slumber into a daydream. The absence of imagination leads to a lack of closeness. Our senses become alienated from us because of the use of technology. The senses are alienated and so is our imagination because we are constantly on the Internet searching the web, looking for a distraction. Pallasmaa’s ideas agree with Carr’s when Carr states that, â€Å"the imagination and daydreaming are stimulated by dim light and shadows† (286). Pallasmaa’s focus is on the idea of imagination and daydreaming being inspired by vision and shadows. When in darkness our senses are able to unite themselves more because there is no vision. When sitting in front of a computer screen, one is only focused on the Internet and not making use of the other senses. Similarly with darkness, when in a dark room, our senses are able to be used more and so is our imagination. For example, when sitting in a dark room where vision is obscured, the other senses come into play. Our attention, concentration and imagination are linked with the senses. Our imagination is sparked when our mind is not completely focused. If one relies on technology alone, then how is the mind able to imagine and daydream, if all technology does is fill our minds with ideas that do not allow individuals to imagine on our own. Humans place so much emphasis on technology and vision that they do not notice that their senses are becoming detached. The use of technology and vision changed our experience of being because there is no room for imagination to occur. The sense of imagination is essential in today’s society because we are able to ‘see’ deeper into the world and create new ideas and visuals that only the human mind can create. This is why the blind people that Sack’s mentions in his text have much stronger senses and imagination because they are able to ‘see’ even though they are not sighted. The imagination will soon be considered another of our senses. The sense of imagination has created a whole new world for humans to explore and comprehend. If we ignore our imagination and just stick to technology because it is right at our fingertips, then we will not have the chance to enjoy our sixth sense of imagination. Imagination allows us to form, picture the future in our mind, and to perceive the beauty of natures creativity. It has allowed mankind to create and progress, over the ages. We should never forget about our imagination because even technology was created with imagination. Technology may have been created with imagination but now that we have the Internet and technology, we do not want to imagine for ourselves. How will society continue to progress if we do not imagine what we would like the world to be in twenty years. Without imagination humans would not be where they are today. Everything that makes us humans more efficient in today’s technological culture was imagined centuries ago. At the end of a long day, the majority of us sits down and just daydream about their day or what life will be like in about twenty years. Everyone has the ability to imagine in today’s society, it’s just the matter of finding ones inner thought and not being caught up with the constant use of vision and technology.

Benefits of and problems with information, entertainment and Research Paper

Benefits of and problems with information, entertainment and communication technologies - Research Paper Example Print. Powell, John, Lee Gunn, Pam Lowe, Bart Sheehan, Frances Griffiths, and Aileen Clarke. "New Networked Technologies and Carers of People with Dementia: An Interview Study." Ageing and Society 30.6 (2010): 1073–1088. Cambridge University Press. Print. Price, Monroe, Susan Haas, and Drew Margolin. "New Technologies and International Broadcasting: Reflections on Adaptations and Transformations." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 616.1 (2008, March): 150–172. Public Diplomacy in a Changing World. Print. Riemer, Kai, and Stefan Klein. "Is the V-form the Next Generation Organization? An Analysis of Challenges, Pitfalls and Remedies of ICT-enabled Virtual Organizations Based on Social Capital Theory." Journal of Information Technology, 23 (2008): 147–162. Print. Williams, Peter. "Using Information and Communication Technology with Special Needs Students: The Views of Frontline Professionals." Emerald Publishing Group. Aslib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives 57.6 (2005): 539–553.

Incorporating Theory Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Incorporating Theory - Term Paper Example Under the structure, the theory draws information from the factors that surround the environment in which care is delivered. For the process, the theory looks at the actions healthcare professionals undertake in order to deliver quality care. Finally, the outcomes section looks at the effects on delivery of health care. This theory is most relevant to this study, as it has been successfully used in past studies that were reviewing CLASBI prevention (Dougherty, 2012; Viswanatha, 2011). The theoretical framework developed by Danabedian will ensure all components under infection control are addressed towards preventing CLASBI. The theory has been widely used in assessing the three most important components under infection control. These include the environment in which care is delivered, the actions taken during delivery of care, and the outcomes. The proposed study investigates if the use of alcohol impregnated port protector caps to decreases the number of central line-associated bloodstream infections. This follows the various research findings showing that disinfection caps may be the way to go as far as CLASBI prevention and control is concerned (Wawrzyniak et al., 2014; Wright, et al., 2013). The theory, in this case, will carry out a systematic assessment of each component of this study, which involves the environment, practices involved, and results of care provided to confirm if the proposed solution works. Every component of the theory will be incorporated into the project. This will be achieved by considering the theory’s three major components. Under structure, the theoretical framework will be used to assess the effectiveness of alcohol impregnated port protector caps. For process, the framework will be used to monitor the nurses’ activities during the delivery of care as they utilize the alcohol impregnated port protector caps. Finally, the framework will be used to assess the outcomes of the whole project in

Accounting - Internal Cash Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Accounting - Internal Cash Control - Essay Example This will help the company to shift from manual processes to automated processing. Lastly, a safe should be provided where all blank checks are stored and access should only be provided to the treasurer or whoever, is entitled to sign checks. Guard Dog Company has brought stringent changes to their system which will help them use their cash well and avoid any mistakes in cash disbursements. Guard Dog has applied the following principles in their attempt to strengthen their internal cash control for cash disbursements. Firstly, Guard Dog’s approach to eradicate manually preparation of checks has been in pursuance of a principle known as ‘Documentation procedure’. All checks are to be numbered and written after receiving approved invoices. Multiple payments can be avoided through this process. Secondly, another principle that the company has applied is ‘establishment of Responsibility’. The principle requires designation of personnel, preferably treasurer, to write any disbursement check. The company has assigned Tom Kimball, the treasurer, or Karen Thews, the assistant treasurer, to make all check disbursements. Fourthly, the company has applied ‘segregation of duties’ principle as well. According to this principle, different individuals approve and make payments. In this case, the invoice should be approved by Jane Bell, the purchasing agent, and Dennis Kurt, the receiving department supervisor. After the approval is given, the checks would be written by either the treasurer or his assistant. This will help them minimize the potential for theft. Fifthly, a principle that is essential to strengthen cash control is the application of ‘Physical, mechanical and Electronic Controls’. This principle requires the company to store blank checks in safes with limited access (Harrison, 2008). The company has obeyed to this principle by storing all blank checks in a safe in the treasurer’s

Literature Review on Sustainable Construction

Literature Review on Sustainable Construction Literature Review Literature review consists of providing the author knowledge about the research area that is being undertaken. It shows what authors have to say about the research area and to criticise works done previously, this is to be related to the topic area and to identify the central issues as part of the study. According to Dr S.G. Naoum (2007) there are five main activities involved in undertaking a literature review: Knowing the sources of information. Understanding how the library works. Collecting existing knowledge on the subject, reading and note-taking. Systematically organising the literature. Appraising and writing up the literature review. The literature review is conducted through primary and secondary research. Research can be conducted by using textbooks, journals, newspapers, magazines and websites and also on-line databases. Following structured and extensive literature reviews, key issues to sustainable construction and construction SMEs studied which result in identification of barriers associated with implementing sustainable construction by SME contractors. Such barriers are divided into six categories. These are cost, time, people, technology, market and law. The literature review is two separate topics of sustainable construction and construction SMEs. Both topics provide the author with in depth knowledge about development and issues concerning sustainable construction, as well as the nature and characteristics of construction SMEs and their approaches to construction innovations. Combining the understanding and knowledge from both perspectives, the author carry out deeper exploration into the barriers faced by the construction SMEs in implementing sustainable construction techniques and practices. The barriers found in the literature are categorized under 6 key barriers of cost, time, people, technology, market and law. These will form main questions in primary research. Sustainable Construction Within the UK construction industry, the concept of sustainable construction has emerged as a result of growing concerns on the environmental and social impacts created by the construction activities. By definition, sustainable construction is (Khalfan, M.M.A, 2002: 15): The creation and responsible management of healthy built environment based on resources efficient and ecological principles. In general, sustainable construction is used to describe the application of sustainable development within the context of the built environment. The discussion and practise around sustainable construction often focus on the efficient processes of construction, use of materials, availability of technology and other technical side, which does not compromise the health of the environment or the associated health of the building occupants, builders, the general public or future generations (Rhydin, Y. Vandergert, P, 2006: 5) The Triple Bottom Line of Sustainable Construction It is important to acknowledge and identify the other aspects of sustainable construction. As a whole, sustainable construction comprises of three broad themes of people, planet and profit often known as the triple bottom line. The objectives of these three themes are (Constructing Excellence, 2004): People To recognise the needs of everyone impacted by construction, from inception of a project to demolition. The list includes construction site workers, local communities, the supply chain and people that will use the finished product. Planet To protect the planet from the impact of emissions and waste matter and where possible, to enhance it and use natural resources, carefully. Profit To increase profitability by making more efficient use of resources including labour, materials, energy and water. (Source: http://www.gcbl.org/economy) Sustainable construction takes account of these objectives in a balanced way at all stages of a construction project. However, within the context of this research, emphasis will be given the environmental aspect of sustainable construction, at production/construction phase. Strategies and Drivers for Sustainable Construction Strategies for sustainable Construction There are many compulsory strategies as well as voluntary. These are aimed to encourage and enforce sustainable construction practices in the construction industry. One of the earliest strategies for changes in the construction industry has started with the publication of Rethinking Construction in July 1998, which is famously known as The Egan Report. This report has criticised the under-achievement of the construction industry and hence, has urged for changes and improvements in delivering construction projects. Following the Egan Report, the UK Government has ten an initiative in promoting sustainable construction through the publication of Building A Better Quality of Life publish by DETR in 2000. Within the publication, the government has suggested the following key themes for action on sustainable construction strategies by the construction industry: Re-use existing building assets. Design for minimum waste. Aim for lean construction. Minimise energy in construction. Minimise energy in use. Do not pollute. Preserve and enhance biodiversity. Conserve water resources. Respect people and local environment. Set targets (i.e. monitor and report, in order to benchmark performance) Later in March 2005, the government has further emphasised its commitment towards sustainable construction through the publication of Sustainable Development Strategy, Securing the Future. As a substitute to the previous strategy, this publication has proposed four key themes for action, as follows: Sustainable communities. Natural resources protection and environmental enhancement. Climate change and energy. Sustainable consumption and production. Drivers for Sustainable Construction In promoting and encouraging the take up of sustainable construction, the UK Government has introduced more tough legislation and economic policies such as Revision to Building Regulation Part L, Landfill Tax, Quarry Tax, Aggregate Levy and Climate Change Levy. It has been acknowledged that legislation is the main driver for change towards sustainable construction. However, there are also other drivers, which play significant roles as well. These other drivers include (Vetter, A et al, 2006; DBA, 2002) Improved technology The new technology and innovation such as Modern Method of Construction and Lean Construction could offer a lot of benefits such as increase speed of construction, costs savings and better delivery of products and services. Requirements from funding bodies Funding bodies are laying more stress on the risks associated with unsustainable development. The risks will affect future profitability and shareholder value. Business advantage In highly competitive field, sustainability is becoming a potent differentiator, capable of providing a vital competitive edge. On-site Practices for Sustainable Construction With regards to the activities on construction site, there are five main practices of environmental sustainable construction that need to be addressed carefully. The construction team must understand and implement these practices throughout the construction phase in order to achieve the objectives and benefits of sustainable construction. These practices are waste management, energy consumption efficiency, water consumption/efficiency, use and procurement of materials, and protection of natural environment (biodiversity/ecosystem). Waste Management In 2001, construction site and demolition waste in Britain was 94 million tonnes (24% of all waste generated). Each year there are around 13 million tonnes of materials that are delivered to site but never used. (Constructing Excellence, 2004: 2). Considering these facts, waste management on-site is extremely important to minimising the waste produced on the construction site. The first step required is to segregate or separate the waste, as it is being produced. The next step is to recycle or reuse the waste or alternatively, the waste can be sent or sold to waste management centre to be recycled ore reused for other applications. At the same time, waste due to materials that arent being used and packaging can be returned to the suppliers through purchasing policy. Waste Segregation An effective way to deal with waste is to separate it at the point it is generated. This eases separation for recycling and is therefore more valuable to the merchants of recycled materials. Waste can be segregated into different skips under categories of plasterboard, plastic, timber, cardboard stones bricks and slates can be recycled for use in construction. Wood materials such as off-cuts can be reused as woodchip for landscaping or in stud walls. Similarly, substances such as debris, rubble and earth can be reused for land reclamation and site formation. Perry (2003) argues that waste segregation helps to make sure that percentage is high of recycled materials and saves money, also provides a greater return. The increased rate of return virtually always offsets the higher costs of training and labour involved in on-site waste segregation. Waste Recycling and Reusing Construction waste can be minimised by avoiding making waste, reusing waste without reprocessing and recycling materials. (WRAP) Waste and Resources Action Programme advises that up to 30% recycling and reusing can be achieved in construction, at no additional cost for some projects. (Kent Design Guide, 2006). Re-used and recycled materials during construction include aggregates, insulation, plasterboards bricks, concrete roof tiles, particleboard blocks and reclaim timber. The most effective recycling opportunity of materials can be derived from the re-use of the existing site infrastructure element where possible. These include materials that are salvaged from existing construction or demolition job such as steel and concrete. Meanwhile, other waste such as timber, cardboard, paper and also green waste can be composed within a recycling area on-site. The compost produced can be used to enhance topsoil suitability for use within the landscaping. Wood chipping mulch produced from timber pallets. Also off-cuts and topsoil can also be re-used when possible within the landscaping to further minimise waste. Purchasing Policy with Suppliers Integration collaboration with suppliers can help to minimise waste through purchasing policy. Unused materials and waste from packaging can be returned to the suppliers to be reused or recycled. The adoption of (JIT) Just-in-Time delivery will also contribute to minimise waste this is because so materials are ordered and delivered to demand. This will avoid waste resulting from unused materials and improper handling/storage. Energy Reduction/Efficiency Energy consumed on construction site is mainly for site services such as the site office and site lightings, use of plain, machineries and equipment also transportation mainly for materials delivery to and from the site. Reduce Energy Consumption for Site Services In order to reduce the energy bills for site services especially for site office and site lighting, more energy efficient approach methods are encouraged. This includes using energy efficient lighting and heating equipments, as well as the monitoring and controlling the energy use according to requirements. Maximise Efficiency of Plant, Equipments and Machineries Plant, equipment and machineries used on-site should be chosen for their high energy efficiency. Through good site management and construction planning, sharing of plant, machineries and equipment among subcontractors and site workers can be achieved. This will help to reduce energy as well as construction costs. Reduce Transportation for Materials Delivery Transportation accounts for 25% of UK CO2 emissions and about 10% of national energy consumption us used in the production and transport of construction products and materials. Two ways of reducing transportation used in construction is through local sourcing for materials with other suppliers and efficient deliveries. Number of materials delivered to site should be reduced by making sure that full vehicle loads are achieved through sharing deliveries. Sourcing materials and labour locally will also help to reduce transportation and bring cost and time savings as well. (Constructing Excellence, 2004). At the same time, reusing demolition waste and materials can help to reduce transportation and hence reduce costs and pollution. Water Conservation/minimisation Use of water on-site can be reduced through application of water conservation techniques and Dry Construction methods. Water Conservation According to Kibert (2005), techniques such as the use of low-flow plumbing fixtures, water recycling, rain water harvesting and potable water can help to minimise the use of water. Water used for workers hygiene and sanitary can also be reduced efficiently through systems such as cistern misers which is boiler collecting water and water board Hippo for urinal flushes. These techniques have been used successfully during the construction of Princess Margaret Hospital in Swindon. Dry Construction The most effective method for dry construction is to use Modern Method of Construction such as pre-fabricated cladding systems and pre-manufactured units (e.g. bathroom and kitchen pods). Innovative techniques under Lean construction such as using ready mix cement/concrete and dry plaster linings can also contribute to minimising water used on-site. Use and Procurement of Construction Materials and Components Materials in construction make up over half of all resource use by weight. A sustainability issue gaining momentum in construction industry therefore, is the use of reclaimed and recycled materials. Pressures on landfill also mean it is becoming increasingly costly to dispose of excess material acquire in construction.

The Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) Toolkit Essay -- Ecolo

Sustainability has become a buzzword in lives of many Americans. The challenge with creating programs that promote and educate on the topic sustainability is that there does not appear to be a consistent definition for the term ‘sustainable’. In the Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) Toolkit, the authors suggest that â€Å"sustainable development is generally thought to have three components: environment, society, and economy. The well-being of these three areas is intertwined, not separate† (McKeown, 2002, p. 8). Furthermore, McKeown contends that sustainability should be considered â€Å"to be a paradigm for thinking about a future in which environmental, societal, and economic considerations are balanced in the pursuit of development and improved quality of life† (2002, p. 8). The ESD Toolkit outlines the four basic priorities of ESD, which include: improving basic education, reorienting existing education, public understanding and awareness as well as training (McKeown, 2002, p. 13). At the heart of ESD programs is the â€Å"inherent idea of implementing programs that are locally relevant and culturally appropriate† (McKeown, 2002, p. 13). The toolkit itself is structured to provide an introduction into the theoretical concepts about sustainability, implementing the four priorities of ESD and practical skills that can be applied locally to address global issues. As a health educator, what would be particularly useful are the group activities found in the toolkit designed to explain the concepts of sustainability. The activities are essentially a roadmap for introducing the overarching principles of ESD and activities to develop a program plan. The assignment was how to customize the toolkit to make it specific for teaching su... ...and Eastern Europe (REC). (February 2000). â€Å"Introduction: What is a Local Environmental Action Program?† In: Guide to Implementing Local Environmental Action Programs. LEAP – Local Environmental Action Programs in Central and Eastern Europe. Retrieved from: http://archive.rec.org/REC/Publications/LEAP_Guide/LEAPIntro.pdf. Facing the future. (2012). Retrieved from: http://www.facingthefuture.org/. Fleming, M et al. (2009). Ecological Sustainability: What Role for Public Health Education? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 6, 2028-2040. McKeown, Rosalyn. (July 2002). Education from sustainable development toolkit. Version 2. Retrieved from: http://www.esdtoolkit.org/default.htm. U.S. Partnership for Education for Sustainable Development. (2012). Retrieved from: http://www.uspartnership.org/main/view_archive/1.